{"id":728,"date":"2022-02-19T23:06:58","date_gmt":"2022-02-19T23:06:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/labs.ri.cmu.edu\/moonranger\/?p=728"},"modified":"2022-02-19T23:08:02","modified_gmt":"2022-02-19T23:08:02","slug":"thermal-safety-during-occultation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/labs.ri.cmu.edu\/moonranger\/thermal-safety-during-occultation\/","title":{"rendered":"Thermal Safety during Occultation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Occultation means to hide or conceal from light.\u00a0 In space these are most commonly due to partial or total eclipses.\u00a0 During MoonRanger\u2019s mission, one occultation is expected to occur over 24 hours when a high, distant hilltop partially blocks light reaching the rover.\u00a0 During this period the robot\u2019s solar array only generates reduced power, and the rover isn\u2019t heated with the same sun intensity that it typically experiences. This creates the double liability of sustained cooling and reduced power availability for resistive heating that would ordinarily put the rover at risk of survival.\u00a0<\/p>

Despite these challenges, MoonRanger will survive the occultation with an ingenious operational strategy of nestling close to the warm lander that blocks some of its radiation heat loss to cold space.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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A hilltop occultates the Sun disk and casts a shadow with reduced solar intensity. This is analogous to a long, slow solar eclipse of the type we experience here on Earth. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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MoonRanger will adapt to the reduced light in two ways: taking shelter close to the lander and turning off all non-essential features. The lander has several solar panels, which are pointed directly to the sun. MoonRanger will park itself in front of the sun-exposed side of the lander for the duration of the occultation period. The lander will have more power and heat than MoonRanger, and subsequently it will passively, transfer some of it to the rover by radiation. The lander\u2019s solar panel also creates a thermal micro-environment. Within the rover\u2019s immediate surroundings, the regolith surface temperatures around the lander will be higher than in normal measurements. The lander\u2019s warm solar panels will radiate heat to MoonRanger and keep it warm.<\/p>

Due to the lack of an atmosphere on the Moon, radiation is the primary heat transfer mechanism rather than convection that we experience on Earth. Radiation is one of the three ways bodies can exchange heat (the others being convection and conduction) – it happens because of a difference in temperature between two bodies and is proportional to the difference of the fourth power of the temperatures. Radiation is also weaker in comparison to conduction or convection as it varies by the difference of temperatures to the fourth power. Every object warmer than absolute zero emits infrared radiation. The difference between the bodies\u2019 emission and absorption of infrared light according to their temperatures is the basis of heat transfer. In this case, the lander emits more infrared light, which creates the gradient between it and MoonRanger for heat transfer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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MoonRanger surviving occultation by parking in front of the lander. The green section represents warmer-than-typical terrain temperature due to sustained radiation from the warm lander. Although the solar panels on both the lander and rover are warm due to impingement by the sun, solar intensity is less than full power due to the occultation, so these aren\u2019t as hot as they are during the majority of the mission. Beyond heating the rover, the lander blocks some of the rover\u2019s view to cold space, and that reduces the rover\u2019s loss of heat that would otherwise occur. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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During this occultation period, several of MoonRanger\u2019s functions are powered down except for essential avionics, power management system, and a few other parts. While the rover is parked it doesn\u2019t have to turn its wheels, use its cameras, plan a path or even run its autonomy software. 16 watts of\u00a0 resistive heating is preferentially applied to the batteries because they need to remain above 0\u02daC to charge. The remainder of the avionics need only be maintained at -10\u00b0C to function.\u00a0<\/p>

The net effect is an ingenious and elegant solution to what at first looked like a mission-ending consequence of the occultation.\u00a0 <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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This 24-hour time-history of component temperatures during the occultation. The temperatures descend as the occultation blocks out more and more of the sun, linger at low values when much of the sun is blocked, then rise as more and more of the sun becomes visible again. This shows that the temperature of the most sensitive batteries (pink line) remains above zero degrees to facilitate charging as is necessary at all times throughout the occultation. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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By: Kerry Mills<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Occultation means to hide or conceal from light.\u00a0 In space these are most commonly due to partial or total eclipses.\u00a0 During MoonRanger\u2019s mission, one occultation is expected to occur over 24 hours when a high, distant hilltop partially blocks light reaching the rover.\u00a0 During this period the robot\u2019s solar array only generates reduced power, and … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":732,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-728","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-thermal"],"yoast_head":"\nThermal Safety during Occultation - MoonRanger<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/labs.ri.cmu.edu\/moonranger\/thermal-safety-during-occultation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Thermal Safety during Occultation - 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